The Sutra of Queen Srimala of the Lion’s Roar (Srimaladevisimhanada-sutra), translated from the fifth-century Chinese version by Gunabhadra, is a brief but important early Mahayana text. Its major philosophical themes are the tathagatagarbha (“womb of the Buddha”), the inherent potentiality for Buddhahood possessed by all sentient beings, and the One Vehicle teaching. With the “lion’s roar” (eloquence) of a Buddha, the lay bodhisattva Queen Srimala expounds upon these themes with great wisdom and spiritual authority. Translated from the fifth-century Chinese version by Kumarajiva, the Vimalakirti Sutra (Vimalakirtinirdesa-sutra) is a well-known early Mahayana sutra that deals extensively with the doctrines of nonduality and emptiness. The teachings are presented in the form of dialogues between the accomplished lay bodhisattva Vimalakirti and a host bodhisattvas and disciples, including Manjusri and Sariputra.

.